COMPETITION ACT
To regulate competition, enable the application of Council Regulation (EC) 1/2003 and provide for fair trading in Malta.
1st February, 1995
ACT XXXI of 1994, as amended by Acts XXVIII of 2000, IV of 2003 and III of 2004; and Legal Notice 425 of 2007. - The short title of this Act is the Competition Act.
- In this Act unless the context otherwise requires
"association of undertakings" means a body of persons (whether incorporated or not) which is formed for the purpose of furthering the trade interest of its members or of persons represented by its members;
"chairman" means the chairman of the Commission;
"Commission" means the Commission for Fair Trading established under article 4;
"Director" means the public officer heading the Office for Fair Competition established under article 3;
"dominant position" means a position of economic strength held by one or more undertakings which enables it or them to prevent effective competition being maintained on the relevant market by affording it or them the power to behave, to an appreciable extent, independently of its or their competitors, suppliers or customers;
"EC Treaty" means the Treaty establishing the European Community;
"European Commission" means the Commission of the European Community;
"group of undertakings" includes: - (a)
- the undertaking concerned;
- (b)
- those undertakings in which the undertaking concerned, directly or indirectly:
-owns more than half the capital or business assets; or -has the power to exercise more than half the voting rights; or
-has the power to appoint more than half the members of the board of directors or other body or bodies legally representing the undertakings; or
-has the right to manage the undertakings’ affairs;
(c) those undertakings which have in the undertaking concerned the rights or powers listed in paragraph (b);
Amended by:
III. 2004.125.
Short title.
Interpretation.
Amended by:
XXVIII. 2000.2;
III. 2004.126.
Establishment of Office for Fair Competition.
Amended by:
XXVIII. 2000.3;
III. 2004.127. - (d)
- those undertakings in which an undertaking as referred to in paragraph (c) has the rights or powers listed in paragraph (b);
- (e)
- those undertakings in which two or more undertakings as referred to in paragraphs (a) to (d) jointly have the rights or powers listed in paragraph (b);
"Member States" means all Member States of the European Union;
"Minister" means the Minister responsible for commerce;
"National Competition Authority" means a national competition authority as designated in terms of Article 35(1) of Council Regulation (EC) 1/2003;
"office" means the Office for Fair Competition established by article 3;
"product" includes goods and the supply of services;
"relevant market" means the market for the product whether within Malta or limited to any particular area or locality within Malta, or outside Malta, and whether or not restricted to a particular period of time or season of the year;
"restrictive practice" means an agreement between undertakings, a decision by an association of undertakings or a concerted practice prohibited under article 5 of this Act or Article 81 of the EC Treaty and, or an abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position prohibited under article 9 of this Act or Article 82 of the EC Treaty;
"turnover" means the total turnover of an undertaking realised during the preceding financial year on the affected market;
"undertaking" means any person whether an individual, a body corporate or unincorporate or any other entity, pursuing an economic activity, and includes a group of undertakings.
3. (1) There shall be an Office for Fair Competition, which shall be a government department having the following functions, that is to say: - (a)
- to advise undertakings, associations of undertakings and the public in relation to matters concerned with fair trading practices and procedures under this Act;
- (b)
- to advise and make proposals and recommendations to the Minister in relation to any matter concerning the exercise of his functions under this Act;
- (c)
- to carry out all the functions and duties assigned to it under this Act related to the investigation, determination and suppression of restrictive practices; and
- (d)
- generally to exercise the powers conferred upon it under this Act, and as may be assigned to it by the Minister, within the context of this Act.
(2) The Office shall be under the control of a Director. In carrying out the functions of the Office, the Director may delegate any of his powers under this Act to any public officer employed with or attached to his department.
4. (1) There shall be a Commission to be known as the Commission for Fair Trading, and which shall be composed of a chairman and two other members appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
(2) The Commission shall have the functions assigned to it by this Act and as may be assigned to it under any other law. - (3)
- (a) The chairman shall be a magistrate and the two other members shall be an economist and a certified public accountant;
(b) More than one magistrate, one economist and one certified public accountant may be appointed to sit on the Commission, but only one magistrate, one economist and one certified public accountant shall sit in any one case.
- (4)
- (a) The members of the Commission, other than the chairman, hereinafter in this article referred to as "the lay members", shall be appointed for a period of three years and shall be eligible for reappointment.
- (b)
- The lay members of the Commission may resign their office by letter addressed to the President but may not be removed except by the President acting on the recommendation of the Commission for the Administration of Justice.
- (c)
- Notice of all appointments to the Commission and of all other changes in its membership shall be published in the Gazette.
- (d)
- The lay members of the Commission shall receive such remuneration for their services as may be prescribed: provided that such remuneration may not be altered during the tenure of their appointment.
- (e)
- A person shall not be qualified to be appointed or remain a lay member of the Commission if
- (i)
- he is an undischarged bankrupt; or
- (ii)
- he has been sentenced to imprisonment for six months or more by any court; or
(iii) he has been found guilty for any offence against this Act; or (iv) if he is a Member of the House of Representatives.
- (f)
- Any member of the Commission shall before the commencement of any case declare any interest he may have in the proceedings.
Establishment of Commission.
Amended by:
XXVIII. 2000.4;
III. 2004.128.
Cap.12.
Prohibited agreements andpractices.
Amended by:
XXVIII. 2000.5;
III. 2004.129. - (5)
- The Minister responsible for justice shall appoint a public officer to be secretary to the Commission. The secretary shall mutatis mutandis have the same powers and duties of the Registrar of Courts, and shall take instructions from the chairman in all circumstances that the said registrar in accordance with the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure is to take instructions from a magistrate presiding a particular court.
- (6)
- (a) The Commission shall have the powers and shall follow the procedures laid out in the Schedule to this Act or in any other law.
- (b)
- The Commission may with the approval of the Minister make rules not inconsistent with this Act or the provisions of the Schedule, prescribing the procedures and the forms to be followed and used before it.
- (c)
- In the absence of provisions or rules as aforesaid the Commission shall regulate its own procedures.
5. (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the following is prohibited, that is to say any agreement between undertakings, any decision by an association of undertakings and any concerted practice between undertakings having the object or effect of preventing, restricting or distorting competition within Malta or any part of Malta and in particular, but without prejudice to the generality of this subarticle, any agreement, decision or practice which: - (a)
- directly or indirectly fixes the purchase or selling price or other trading conditions; or
- (b)
- limits or controls production, markets, technical development or investment; or
- (c)
- shares markets or sources of supply; or
- (d)
- imposes the application of dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other parties outside such agreement, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage; or
- (e)
- makes the conclusion of contracts subject to the acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.
- (2)
- Agreements or decisions prohibited in accordance with subarticle (1) shall be ipso jure null and unenforceable.
- (3)
- The provisions of subarticle (1) shall not apply in the case of
- (a)
- any agreement between undertakings; or
- (b)
- any decision by an association of undertakings; or
- (c)
- any concerted practice,
which contributes towards the objective of improving production or distribution of goods or services or promoting technical or economic progress and which allows consumers a fair share of the resultant benefit and which does not: - (i)
- impose on undertakings concerned any restriction which is not indispensable to the attainment of the said objective; or
- (ii)
- give the undertakings concerned the possibility of eliminating or significantly reducing competition in respect of a substantial part of the products to which the agreement, decision or concerted practice refers.
- (4)
- The undertaking or association of undertakings claiming the benefit of subarticle (3) shall bear the burden of proving that the conditions of that subarticle are fulfilled.
- (5)
- Article 81 of the EC Treaty shall also apply where any agreements between undertakings, any decision by an association of undertakings or any concerted practice may appreciably affect trade between Malta and any one or more Member States.
- (6)
- The application of subarticles (1), (2) and (3) shall not be deemed to include the prohibition of agreements, decisions by associations of undertakings or concerted practices which may affect trade between Member States but which do not restrict competition within the meaning of Article 81(1) of the EC Treaty or which fulfil the conditions of Article 81(3) of the EC Treaty, or which are covered by a Regulation for the application of Article 81(3) of the EC Treaty.
6. (1) Agreements, decisions or concerted practices between undertakings shall not be subject to the prohibition in article 5(1) if the impact of the agreement, decision or practice on the relevant market is minimal. - (2)
- In determining whether such impact is or is not minimal, consideration shall be given to all relevant circumstances including the aggregate share of all the undertakings concerned of the relevant market.
- (3)
- The foregoing provisions of this article shall not apply where in a relevant market competition is restricted by the cumulative effect of parallel networks of similar agreements established by several undertakings.
7. Repealed by Act III. 2004.131.
8. (1) The Minister may, after consultation with the Director, by regulations prescribe that there shall be exempted form the provisions of article 5(1) such categories of agreements, decisions and concerted practices as may be specified in the regulations.
(2) The regulations referred to in subarticle (1) shall only be made where the agreement, decisions or concerted practice satisfy
Agreements, etc., where impact isminimal.
Substituted by:
XXVIII. 2000.6. Amended by:
III. 2004.130.
Certain agreements, etc., may be declaredexempted.
Amended by:
XXVIII. 2000.7.
General exemptions.
Substituted by:
XXVIII. 2000.8. Amended by:
III. 2004.132.
Abuse of dominant position.
Amended by:
XXVIII. 2000.9;
III. 2004.133.
the requirements mentioned in article 5(3).
(3) Without prejudice to the provisions of subarticle (2) the Minister may in such regulations make an exemption subject to such conditions and limitations as he may deem appropriate.
9. (1) Any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position within Malta or any part of Malta is prohibited. - (2)
- Without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of subarticle (1), one or more undertakings shall be deemed to abuse of a dominant position, where it or they
- (a)
- directly or indirectly impose an excessive or unfair purchase or selling price or other unfair trading conditions;
- (b)
- charge prices which are below the average variable cost price of a product in order to drive rival competitors out of the market;
- (c)
- limit production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers;
- (d)
- refuse to supply goods or services indiscriminately in order to eliminate a trading party from the relevant market to the prejudice of consumers;
- (e)
- apply dissimilar conditions, including price discrimination to equivalent transactions with different trading parties, thereby placing any or some of the trading parties at a competitive disadvantage;
- (f)
- make the conclusion of contracts subject to the acceptance by the other party of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.
- (3)
- For the purpose of determining whether one or more undertakings are in a dominant position, an undertaking which alone or in conjunction with others has a share of at least forty per cent of the relevant market shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be deemed to be in a dominant position:
Provided that one or more undertakings which alone or in conjunction with others have a share below forty per cent of the relevant market may, notwithstanding the above, be determined to be in a dominant position.
- (4)
- For the purpose of determining whether the purchase or selling price is excessive or unfair, all relevant factors shall be considered and in particular:
- (a)
- the price charged for the product (in absolute terms);
- (b)
- the percentage increase or increases in the price over the long and short term;
- (c)
- the relationship between the price and the cost of the product;
- (d)
- the period of time for which the price has been
charged; - (e)
- the economic value of the product;
- (f)
- the importance of the product to consumers;
- (g)
- the economic or other risks associated with bringing the product to the market;
- (h)
- the investment of capital and other resources necessary to bring the product to the market;
- (i)
- the expected, probable or possible changes in the market for the product; and
- (j)
- the price charged for the product by other undertakings in Malta and by the same or other undertakings in other analogous markets.
(5) Article 82 of the EC Treaty shall also apply where any abuse by an undertaking may affect trade between Malta and any one or more Member States. - Repealed by Act III. 2004.134.
- Repealed by Act XXVIII.2000.11 .
12. (1) It shall be the duty of the Director to ensure that the provisions of this Act are observed by all, and to gather information that may be necessary for him or the Commission to carry out their functions; and for such purpose he shall have power to carry out investigations of his own motion or at the request of the Minister or upon a reasonable allegation in writing of a breach of the provisions of this Act, by a complainant or at the request of any designated national competition authority of any other Member State or the European Commission. - (2)
- During the course of any investigation carried out by the Office in accordance with subarticle (1), the Director may request any person to furnish him with any information or document in his possession which the Director has reason to believe is relevant to the matter under investigation, within such time as in the circumstances of the investigation the Director may consider reasonable.
- (3)
- Nothing in subarticle (2) may be construed as authorising the Director to order the production of any document or the disclosure of any information which may be subject to the duty of professional secrecy.
- (4)
- In the course of any such investigation the Director may receive written or verbal statements from witnesses as well as make copies of any document produced to him, and the record of such statements and such copies duly attested by the Director shall be producible as evidence before the Commission.
- (5)
- The Director, duly authorised by a warrant issued by the chairman of the Commission, may, for the purpose of any investigation under this article enter into and search any premises
Negativeclearance.
Substituted by:
XXVIII. 2000.10.
Price orders.
Investigations.
Amended by:
XXVIII. 2000.12;
III. 2004.135.
Cap. 9.
Director’s findings of an infringement.
Added by:
XXVIII. 2000.13. Substituted by:
III. 2004.136.
and any other place, or search any means of transport where he has reason to believe that information relevant to the investigation may be found, and in the course of any such search may seize any object or document, or order the non-removal of any object from any such premises, and in connection with any such order may close and seal any or all parts of any premises and any other place, or means of transport, or put any object under seal. - (6)
- In the course of any search as is referred to in subarticle (5) the Director may request the assistance of the Police; however, in the case of a search which is to be carried out in a residential premises, the Director shall always be accompanied by a Police officer not below the rank of inspector.
- (7)
- Any order given by the Director in accordance with subarticle (5) shall remain in force until it is cancelled by the Director or by the Commission.
- (8)
- No search may be commenced on any premises after 7 o’clock in the evening and before 7 o’clock on the next following morning, unless there is reason to believe that delay could cause the loss of necessary information and the search is expressly authorised to take place between the said times in the relevant warrant.
- (9)
- Nothing in this article shall be deemed to detract from the powers of the Police under the Criminal Code or under any other law.
- (10)
- Any information disclosed to the Director or any document produced to him during an investigation shall be secret and confidential and may only be disclosed before the Commission in any matter before it, or before a competent court in relation to the prosecution of any offence against this Act.
12A. (1) Where, upon the conclusion of an investigation, it results to the Director that the agreement, decision, concerted practice or abusive conduct investigated is in breach of the provisions of article 5(1) and, or article 9(1), he shall issue a decision finding an infringement, giving his reasons therefor.
- (2)
- Where it results to the Director that a serious infringement of article 5(1) and, or of article 9(1) has taken place due to the gravity and duration of the agreement, decision, concerted practice or abusive conduct which have been investigated, the Director shall make a report to the Commission of the conclusions arrived at by him in the said investigations, giving his reasons therefor and making reference to the evidence in support thereof, which evidence shall at the request of the Commission be produced before it, following which the Commission shall issue a decision thereon.
- (3)
- Where it results to the Director that an infringement of Article 81 and, or Article 82 of the EC Treaty has occurred, subarticle (2) shall mutatis mutandis apply.
13. (1) On issuing a decision finding an infringement under article 12A(1), the Director shall cause a copy of the decision to be delivered on the undertaking or association of undertakings concerned by registered post or such other documented delivery as the Director may deem fit, and he may together with such decision issue a cease and desist order whereby he orders it or them, as the case may be, to cease and desist immediately from participating in such agreement, decision, practice or conduct, and, or a compliance order setting behavioural or structural remedies addressed to it or them, as the case may be, for the purpose of bringing the infringement to an immediate and effective end. - (2)
- The power to issue a cease and desist order or a compliance order in cases of infringements as defined in article 12A(2) and (3) shall rest solely with the Commission.
- (3)
- Any behavioural or structural remedies set out in a compliance order shall be proportionate to the infringement committed and necessary to bring the infringement effectively to an end.
- (4)
- Structural remedies set out in a compliance order may be imposed only where there is no equally effective behavioural remedy or where any equally effective behavioural remedy would be more burdensome for the undertaking concerned than the structural remedy.
13A. (1) The undertaking or association of undertakings concerned may, within fifteen days from the notification of the decision issued by the Director, request him to submit the same for review by the Commission and the Director shall forthwith comply with such request.
- (2)
- The undertaking or association of undertakings concerned may within fifteen days from the notification of the cease and desist order or the compliance order issued by the Director, request him to submit the same for review by the Commission, and the Director shall forthwith comply with such request, provided that such review shall not have the effect of suspending the cease and desist order or the compliance order.
14. (1) (a) Where the Director receives a complaint in writing as is referred to in article 12(1), he shall in the first place examine whether such complaint is admissible or otherwise, and where he is of the opinion that the complaint is prima facie inadmissible, he shall not carry out or proceed with the relative investigation.
(b) Where the complainant does not agree with the decision of the Director that the complaint is prima facie inadmissible or the decision of the Director after an investigation that the complaint is not justified, the provisions of article 13A(1) shall mutatis mutandis apply.
(2) Where the Commission does not agree that the complaint is
Cease and desist order and compliance order.
Amended by: