451
English is not an official language of the Swiss Confederation. This translation is provided for information purposes only and has no legal force.
Federal Act on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage (NCHA)1
of 1 July 1966 (Status as of 1 April 2020)
The Federal Assembly of the Swiss Confederation, based on Article 78 paragraph 4 of the Federal Constitution2, in implementation of the Nagoya Protocol of 29 October 20103 on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Nagoya Protocol), and having considered the Federal Council Dispatch dated 12 November 19654,5 decrees:
Art. 16
Aim The aim of this Act, subject to the authority of the Confederation under Article 78 paragraphs 2–5 of the Federal Constitution, is:7
a. to carefully manage and protect heritage landscapes and sites of local character, historical sites, and the country’s natural and cultural monuments, and to promote their preservation and up- keep;
AS 1966 1637 1 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996
(AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121). 2 SR 101 3 SR 0.451.432 4 BB1 1965 III 89 5 Amended by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in
force since 12 Oct. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009). 6 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996
(AS 1996 214, BBl 1991 III 1121). 7 Amended by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in
force since 12 Oct. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
1
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
b. to support the cantons in fulfilling their tasks in the fields of nature protection, cultural heritage protection and monument preservation, and to ensure cooperation with them;
c. to support the endeavours of organisations active in the fields of nature protection, cultural heritage protection or monument preservation;
d.8 to protect indigenous flora and fauna, their biological diversity and their natural habitats;
dbis.9to promote the conservation of biological diversity and the sus- tainable use of its components through the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources;
e.10 to promote science and research and the education and training of experts in the fields of nature protection, cultural heritage protection and monument preservation.
Section 1 Nature Protection, Cultural Heritage Protection and Monument Preservation in the Fulfilment of Federal Tasks11
Art. 2 Fulfilment of 1 The fulfilment of federal tasks as defined in Article 24sexies para- federal tasks graph 2 of the Federal Constitution12 is taken to mean in particular13:
a.14 the planning, construction and alteration of works and installa- tions by the Confederation, its institutions and enterprises, such as buildings and installations of the federal administra- tion, national roads, and buildings and installations of the Swiss Federal Railways;
b. the issuing of licences and authorisations, such as those for the construction and operation of transport infrastructure and facil- ities (including approval of plans) and of works and installa-
8 Amended by Annex No 2 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
9 Inserted by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in force since 12 Oct. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
10 The amendment in accordance with the Federal Act of 20 June 2014 on Continuing Education and Training, in force since 1 Jan. 2017, relates on to the French and Italian texts (AS 2016 689; BBl 2013 3729).
11 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121)
12 [AS 1962 749]. Now Art. 78 para. 2 of the Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 (SR 101) 13 Amended by Annex No 2 of the Genetic Engineering Act of 21 March 2003, in force since
1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391). 14 Amended by No 7 of the Annex to the Telecommunications Enterprises Act of
30 April 1997, in force since 1 Jan. 1998 (AS 1997 2480; BBl 1996 1306)
2
Federal Act 451
tions for conveying energy, liquids or gases, and for telecom- munications, as well as authorisations for forest-clearing oper- ations;
c. the provision of subsidies for planning, works and installa- tions, e.g. for land improvement projects, renovation of agri- cultural buildings, river training, water body protection struc- tures and transport infrastructure.
2 Decisions of cantonal authorities concerning projects that can pre- sumably be carried out only with subsidies as specified in paragraph 1c above shall be regarded as equivalent to the fulfilment of federal tasks.15
Art. 3 Obligations of 1 In the fulfilment of federal tasks, the Confederation, its institutions the Confedera- and enterprises, and the cantons shall ensure that heritage landscapestion and cantons16 and sites of local character, historical sites, and natural and cultural
monuments are carefully managed and, where there is an overriding public interest, preserved undiminished.17 2 They shall fulfil this obligation by
a. suitably designing and maintaining their own buildings and installations, or by foregoing their construction altogether (Art. 2 let. a);
b. imposing conditions or requirements on the issue of licences and authorisations, or refusing to issue them (Art. 2 let. b);
c. restricting or refusing subsidies (Art. 2 let. c). 3 This obligation applies regardless of the significance of the site as defined in Article 4. A measure must not go beyond what is required to protect the site and its surroundings.
184 ...
Art. 4 Classification of With regard to heritage landscapes and sites of local character, histori- sites cal sites, and natural and cultural monuments within the meaning of
15 Inserted by No I 3 of the FA of 18 June 1999 on the Coordination and Simplification of Decision-Making Procedures, in force since 1 Jan. 2000 (AS 1999 3071; BBl 1998 2591)
16 Amended by No I 3 of the FA of 18 June 1999 on the Coordination and Simplification of Decision-Making Procedures, in force since 1 Jan. 2000 (AS 1999 3071; BBl 1998 2591)
17 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121)
18 Inserted by No I 3 of the FA of 18 June 1999 on the Coordination and Simplification of Decision-Making Procedures (AS 1999 3071; BBl 1998 2591). Repealed by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), with effect from 1 Sept. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
3
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Federal invento- ries of sites of national importance
Importance of inclusion in an inventory
Article 24sexies paragraph 2 of the Federal Constitution19, a distinction must be made between:
a. sites of national importance; b. sites of regional and local importance.
Art. 5 1 After consultation with the cantons, the Federal Council shall prepare inventories of sites of national importance; these may be based on existing inventories drawn up by official institutions and organisations active in the fields of nature protection, cultural heritage protection or monument preservation.20 The principles determining the selection of sites shall be stated in the inventories, which must also include at least the following details:
a. a precise description of the sites; b. justification for their national importance; c. possible threats; d. existing protection measures; e. the level of protection aimed for; f. proposals for improvements.
2 The inventories need not be exhaustive. They must be reviewed and updated at regular intervals. Decisions on the inclusion, revision or deletion of sites shall be taken by the Federal Council after consulta- tion with the cantons. The cantons may request a review on their own initiative.
Art. 6 1 The inclusion of a site of national importance in a federal inventory indicates that it particularly deserves to be preserved undiminished, or in any case to be managed with the greatest possible care, including the application of restoration or appropriate replacement measures.21 2 In fulfilling a federal task, departures from the principle that sites are to be preserved undiminished, as specified in the inventories, may only be considered if opposing interests, also of national importance, carry equal or greater weight.
19 [AS 1962 749]. Now Art. 78 para. 2 of the Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 (SR 101) 20 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996
(AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121) 21 Amended by No I 3 of the FA of 18 June 1999 on the Coordination and Simplification of
Decision-Making Procedures, in force since 1 Jan. 2000 (AS 1999 3071; BBl 1998 2591)
4
Federal Act 451
Art. 722
Expert report 1 If the Confederation is responsible for the fulfilment of a federal task, prepared by then, depending on its remit, either the Federal Office for the Envi- commission ronment (FOEN), the Federal Office of Culture or the Federal Roads
Office shall assess whether it is necessary for an expert report to be prepared by a commission as specified in Article 25 paragraph 1. If the canton is responsible, this assessment shall be made by the cantonal expert body as specified in Article 25 paragraph 2.23 2 If, in connection with the fulfilment of a federal task, a site listed in a federal inventory in accordance with Article 5 may be significantly damaged or fundamental issues are raised, the commission shall pre- pare an expert report for the decision-making authority, indicating whether the site should be preserved undiminished or how it must be protected. 3 The expert report shall be one of the factors considered by the deci- sion-making authority when weighing up all the interests.24
Art. 825
In important cases, a commission may, on its own initiative, at anyOptional expert report stage of the procedure, submit an expert report concerning the protec-
tion of sites or their preservation in an undiminished form. However, reports shall be submitted as early as possible. All necessary documen- tation shall be made available to the commission on request.
Art. 926
Other expert The competent federal body may also request the cantonal expert body reports (Art. 25 Para. 2), the cantonal commission responsible for nature
protection, cultural heritage protection or monument preservation, or another body designated by the canton to prepare an expert report. In addition, it may request organisations active in the fields of nature protection, cultural heritage protection or monument preservation to submit their comments.
22 Amended by No I No 3 of the FA of 18 June 1999 on the Coordination and Simplification of Decision-Making Procedures, in force since 1 Jan. 2000 (AS 1999 3071; BBl 1998 2591)
23 Amended by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in force since 1 Sept. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
24 Inserted by No I of the FA of 27 Sept. 2019, in force since 1 April 2020 (AS 2020 1217; BBl 2019 349 1335).
25 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121)
26 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121)
5
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Art. 1027
Consultation In all the cases specified in Articles 7, 8 and 9, the cantonal govern- of cantons ments shall also be consulted. The cantons shall invite the communes
concerned to state their position.
Art. 11 Exception for In the case of military buildings and installations not subject to ap- military installa- proval in accordance with Article 126 paragraph 4 of the Armedtions Forces Act of 3 February 199528, the competent federal authority shall
not be required to commission an expert report,29 nor is it obliged to provide documentation for the optional expert report.
Art. 1230 Right of appeal 1 A right of appeal against rulings of the cantonal authorities or the of communes and organisa- federal authorities shall be accorded to: tions
a. the communes;1. Entitlement to appeal b. the organisations concerned with nature protection, cultural
heritage protection, monument preservation or related objec- tives, subject to the following requirements: 1. the organisation is active throughout Switzerland. 2. it pursues solely non-profit-making objects; any commer-
cial activities must serve the achievement of its non- profit-making objects.
2 The right of appeal is accorded to the organisations only in legal fields that have formed part of their objects for at least ten years. 3 The Federal Council shall designate the organisations entitled to appeal. 4 The supreme executive body of the organisation is responsible for filing the appeal. 5 The organisations may give general authorisation to their legally independent cantonal and supra-cantonal sub-organisations to raise general objections or to file appeals in specific cases that relate to their local area of activity.
27 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121)
28 SR 510.10 29 Amended by No 6 of the Annex to the Armed Forces Act of 3 Feb. 1995, in force since
1 Jan. 1996 (AS 1995 4093; BBl 1993 IV 1). 30 Amended by No II 1 of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007
(AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391). The provision on commercial activity in para. 1 let. b No 2 comes into force on 1 July 2010 (see No III para. 3 of the said amendment).
6
Federal Act 451
2. Inadmissible appeals against decisions on providing a federal subsidy
3. Notification of the ruling
4. Loss of right to appeal
Art. 12a31
An appeal against a decision on providing a federal subsidy shall be inadmissible if a decision has already be taken elsewhere by means of a ruling under Article 12 paragraph 1 on the planning, the works or the installation in fulfilment of a federal task.
Art. 12b32 1 The authority shall notify the communes and organisations of its rulings under Article 12 paragraph 1 by written notice or by publica- tion in the Official Federal Gazette or in the cantonal organ of publica- tion. The ruling shall normally be made available for public inspection for 30 days. 2 If federal or cantonal law provides for an objection procedure, notice must also be given of applications in accordance with paragraph 1.
Art. 12c33 1 Communes and organisations that have not exercised a right of recourse may participate in the remainder of the proceedings as a party only if they are prejudiced by an amendment to the ruling. For com- pulsory purchase cases, the Federal Act of 20 June 193034 on Compul- sory Purchase (Compulsory Purchase Act) applies. 2 If a commune or an organisation has not participated in objection proceedings under federal or cantonal law, it shall no longer have the right to appeal. 3 If an organisation has failed to enter a competent objection to a land use plan that is equivalent to a ruling or if the objection has been dismissed with full legal effect, the organisation may not enter the same objection in subsequent proceedings. 4 Paragraphs 2 and 3 also apply to objections and appeals under can- tonal law against land use plans.
31 Inserted by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121). Amended by No II 1 of the FA of 20. Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).
32 Inserted by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121). Amended by No II 1 of the FA of 20. Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).
33 Inserted by No II 1 of the FA of 20 Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).
34 SR 711
7
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Art. 12d35 5. Agreements 1 If an applicant and an organisation enter into an agreement on obliga- between applicants and tions that relate to public law matters, this agreement shall be deemed organisations exclusively to be a joint application to the authority. The authority
shall take account of the effect of the agreement in its ruling or deci- sion, unless the agreement is defective in terms of Article 49 of the Federal Act of 20 December 196836 on Administrative Procedure. 2 Agreements between applicants and organisations on financial or other benefits are not permitted if they relate to:
a. the enforcement of public law obligations, and in particular official requirements;
b. measures not provided for under public law or that have no connection with the project;
c. payment in return for a waiver of a right of recourse or for any other procedural concession.
3 The appeal authority shall dismiss an appeal if it is an abuse of legal process or the organisation has demanded unlawful payments in terms of paragraph 2.
Art. 12e37 6. Early start to Construction work may be start before the conclusion of the proceed- construction work ings provided the outcome of the proceedings can have no repercus-
sions on the work done.
Art. 12f 38 7. Procedural If the organisation is unsuccessful in the proceedings, it shall bear the costs costs of the appeal before the federal authorities.
Art. 12g39 Right of appeal 1 The cantons shall have a right of appeal against rulings issued by of the cantons and the Federal federal authorities under Article 12 paragraph 1. Office concerned 2 The Federal Office concerned shall have a right of appeal against
cantonal rulings under Article 12 paragraph 1; it may make use of the rights of recourse under federal and cantonal law.
35 Inserted by No II 1 of the FA of 20. Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007 (AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).
36 SR 172.021 37 Inserted by No II 1 of the FA of 20. Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007
(AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391). 38 Inserted by No II 1 of the FA of 20. Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007
(AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391). 39 Inserted by No II 1 of the FA of 20. Dec. 2006, in force since 1 July 2007
(AS 2007 2701; BBl 2005 5351 5391).
8
Federal Act 451
Financial assistance for the preservation of sites deserving protection
Subsidies for organisations
Section 2 Federal Support for Nature Protection, Cultural Heritage Protection and Monument Preservation, and Independent Federal Measures40
Art. 1341 1 The Confederation may support nature protection, cultural heritage protection and monument preservation by providing the cantons with global financial assistance within the scope of the authorised credits and on the basis of programme agreements for the preservation, acqui- sition, upkeep, investigation and documentation of landscapes, sites of local character, historical sites, or natural and cultural monuments deserving protection. 2 By way of exception, it may provide financial assistance by means of a ruling for projects that require an individual assessment by the Con- federation. 3 The amount of the financial assistance is determined by the im- portance of the site to be protected and the effectiveness of the measures. 4 Financial assistance shall be provided only if the measures are cost- effective and are carried out professionally. 5 The protection and upkeep measures ordered constitute public-law restrictions on the use of property (Art. 702 Civil Code42). They are binding on the landowner concerned and must be recorded in the land register on application by the canton. Exemptions from this obligation are determined by the Federal Council.
Art. 1443
The Confederation may provide subsidies to national organisations involved in nature protection, cultural heritage protection and monu- ment preservation towards the costs of their activities serving the public interest.
40 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
41 Amended by No II 7 of the FA of 6 Oct. 2006 on the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFA), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 5779; BBl 2005 6029).
42 SR 210 43 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (
AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
9
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Art. 14a44 Research, 1 The Confederation may provide subsidies for: training, public relations a. research projects;
b. training and continuing education of experts; c. public relations.
2 Insofar as it is in the national interest, it may either carry out these activities itself or arrange for them to be carried out by third parties at its expense.
Art. 15 Purchase and 1 The Confederation may, by contract or, if this is not possible, by safeguarding of compulsory purchase, purchase or safeguard natural landscapes, his-sites deserving protection torical sites and natural or cultural monuments of national importance.
It may assign responsibility for administration to cantons, communes or organisations.45 2 The Compulsory Purchase Act46 applies.
Art. 16 Precautionary In cases where a natural landscape as defined in Article 15, a historical measures site, or a cultural monument of national importance is in immediate
danger, the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications or the Federal Department of Home Affairs47 may take temporary measures to place the site in question under feder- al protection and order any safeguards necessary for its preservation.48
Art. 16a49 Provision of 1 The Federal Assembly shall approve by simple federal decree tempo- subsidies rary framework credits to guarantee the provision of subsidies.
2 The financing of the areas of cultural heritage protection and monu- ment preservation is governed by Article 27 of the Culture Promotion Act of 11 December 200950.51
44 Inserted by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
45 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
46 SR 711 47 Amended by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987, in force since 1 Feb. 1988
(AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445). 48 The group of administrative units affected was modified in application of Art. 16 para. 3
of the Publications Ordinance of 17 November 2004 (AS 2004 4937). 49 Inserted by Annex No 9 of the Subsidies Act of 5 Oct. 1990 (AS 1991 857; BBl 1997 I
369). Amended by No II 7 of the FA of 6 Oct. 2006 on the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFA), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 5779; BBl 2005 6029).
10
Federal Act 451
Art. 1752
Repayment of If a site is no longer deemed worthy of protection, repayment of all or subsidies part of the subsidy provided may be requested.
Art. 17a53
Special reports The Federal Council shall define those cases where, with the approval of the canton, a commission may prepare an expert report either on its own initiative or at the request of third parties.
Section 3 Protection of Indigenous Flora and Fauna
Art. 18 Protection of 1 The extinction of indigenous animal and plant species must be pre- animal and plant vented by preserving sufficiently extensive habitats (biotopes) and byspecies
other appropriate measures. These measures must pay due regard to agricultural and forestry interests deserving protection. 1bis Special protection shall be given to riparian zones, fenlands and mires, rare forest communities, hedgerows, thickets, dry grasslands and other sites that play a role in preserving the ecological balance or which provide especially favourable conditions for biocoenoses.54 1ter If, after due consideration of the interests of all parties, damage by technical interventions to habitats deserving of protection is unavoida- ble, the party responsible must take measures to ensure the best possi- ble protection, restoration, or, failing that, the provision of appropriate compensation.55 2 If pest control measures are taken, particularly by using toxic sub- stances, care must be taken not to endanger animal and plant species deserving protection. 3 The Confederation may promote the resettlement in suitable sites of species that have become extinct in the wild in Switzerland or whose numbers are threatened.
50 SR 442.1 51 Inserted by Annex No II 5 of the Culture Promotion Act of 11 Dec. 2009, in force since
1 Jan. 2012 (AS 2011 6127; BBl 2007 4819 4857). 52 Amended by Section 9 of the Annex to the Subsidy Act of 5 Oct. 1990, in force since
1 April 1991 (AS 1991 857; BBl 1997 I 369). 53 Inserted by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996
(AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121). 54 Inserted by Art. 66 No 1 of the FA of 7 Oct. 1983 on Protection of the Environment
(Environmental Protection Act), in force since 1 Jan. 1985 (AS 1984 1122; BBl 1979 III 749).
55 Inserted by Art. 66 No 1 of the Environmental Protection Act of 7 Oct. 1983, in force since 1 Jan. 1985 (AS 1984 1122; BBl 1979 III 749).
11
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Biotopes of national importance
Biotopes of regional and local importance and ecological compensation
Position of land owners and operators
4 The federal legislation on hunting and the protection of birds and on fisheries is reserved.
Art. 18a56 1 The Federal Council shall designate biotopes of national importance after consulting the cantons. It shall define the location of these bio- topes and specify the protection objectives. 2 The cantons shall make arrangements for the protection and upkeep of biotopes of national importance. They shall take appropriate measures in good time and ensure that they are implemented. 3 The Federal Council may, after consulting the cantons, set time limits for arranging protection measures. Should a canton fail, despite a reminder, to arrange protection measures within the set period, the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Com- munications57 may carry out the measures required and pass an appro- priate proportion of the costs incurred on to the canton.
Art. 18b58 1 The cantons are responsible for the protection and upkeep of biotopes of regional and local importance. 2 In intensively used areas within and outside residential areas, the cantons shall ensure ecological compensation by means of thickets, hedgerows, riparian tree plantations, or other near-natural vegetation adapted to the site. In doing so, due consideration must be given to agricultural requirements.
Art. 18c59 1 The protection and upkeep of biotopes should be achieved wherever possible on the basis of agreements with landowners and farm or forestry operators, and also by appropriate agricultural and forestry use. 2 Landowners and farm or forestry operators have the right to appro- priate compensation if they restrict existing uses in the interests of the protection objective, or provide a service for no financial considera- tion.
56 Inserted by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987, in force since 1 Feb. 1988 (AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445).
57 The title of this administrative unit was modified in application of Art. 16 para. 3 of the Publications Ordinance of 17 November 2004 (AS 2004 4937).
58 Inserted by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987, in force since 1 Feb. 1988 (AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445).
59 Inserted by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987, in force since 1 Feb. 1988 (AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445).
12
Federal Act 451
Financing
Gathering of wild plants and capturing of animals; obligatory approval
3 If a landowner fails to use the site as required for the protection objectives to be achieved, he must tolerate its use by third parties, as ordered by the authorities. 4 If land must be acquired for the protection objectives to be achieved, the cantons shall have a power of compulsory purchase. In their im- plementation regulations, they may declare the Compulsory Purchase Act60 to be applicable, whereby the cantonal government shall rule on any objections that remain in dispute. If the site to be protected ex- tends over the territory of more than one canton, the Compulsory Purchase Act applies.
Art. 18d61 1 The Confederation shall provide the cantons with global compensato- ry payments within the scope of the authorised credits and on the basis of programme agreements for the protection and upkeep of biotopes of national, regional and local importance and for ecological compensa- tion. 2 By way of exception, it may provide compensatory payments by means of a ruling for projects that require an individual assessment by the Confederation. 3 The amount of a compensatory payment is determined by the signifi- cance of the site to be protected and the effectiveness of the measures. 4 Compensatory payments shall be provided only if the measures are cost-effective and are carried out professionally. 5 The Confederation shall bear the costs of designating biotopes of national importance.
Art. 19 The gathering of wild plants and capturing of animals living in the wild for commercial purposes are subject to approval by the competent cantonal authority. Such approval may be restricted to particular species, areas, seasons and quantities or numbers, or in other ways, and organised gathering or capturing activities and the promotion thereof may be prohibited. The foregoing does not apply to normal agricultural and forestry exploitation, or to the collection of conven- tional amounts of fungi, berries, and herbs used in teas and for medici- nal purposes, unless the species in question are protected.
SR 711 61 Inserted by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987 (AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445). Amended
by No II 7 of the FA of 6 Oct. 2006 on the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFA), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 5779; BBl 2005 6029).
60
13
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Art. 20 1 The Federal Council may completely or partially prohibit the pick-Protection of
rare plants and ing, digging up, uprooting, removal, offering for sale, sale, purchase or animals destruction of rare plants. It may likewise take appropriate measures to
protect animal species that are at risk or otherwise deserve to be pro- tected.62 2 The cantons may issue such prohibitions for additional species. 3 For the purposes of species protection, the Federal Council may also impose conditions on, restrict or prohibit the production, placing on the market, import, export and transit of plants or plant products.63
Art. 2164 Riparian 1 Riparian vegetation (reed and rush beds, alluvial zone vegetation and vegetation other natural riparian plant communities) may not be cleared or cov-
ered up, or otherwise destroyed. 2 Where conditions permit, the cantons shall ensure that riparian vege- tation is established if none is present, or at least that conditions fa- vourable to its development are created.65
Art. 22 Exceptional 1 The competent cantonal authority may, for scientific purposes or for approval educational and therapeutic purposes, grant exceptional approval for
protected plants to be gathered or dug up or for animals to be captured in specified areas. 2 It may authorise the removal of riparian vegetation for projects limited to a specific site in cases permitted under the legislation on the water bodies protection authorities or on the protection of water bod- ies.66 3 If on the basis of a different enactment a federal authority is compe- tent to decide on a project, this authority shall grant the exceptional approval. ...67.68
62 Wording of second sentence in accordance with Annex No 2 of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003, in force since 1 Jan. 2004 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391).
63 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 June 1996, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1152; BBl 1995 IV 629).
64 Amended by Art. 66 Section I of the Environmental Protection Act of 7 Oct. 1983, in force since 1 Jan. 1985 (AS 1984 1122; BBl 1979 III 749).
65 Inserted by Art. 75 Section 2 of the Water Protection Act of 24 Jan. 1991 (AS 1992 1860; BBl 1987 II 1061). Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
66 Amended by Art. 75 Section 2 of the Water Protection Act of 24 Jan. 1991, in force since 1 Nov. 1992 (AS 1992 1860; BBl 1987 II 1061).
67 Second sentence deleted in accordance with Section I 3 of the FA of 18 June 1999 on the Coordination and Simplification of Decision-Making Procedures (AS 1999 3071; BBl 1998 2591).
14
Federal Act 451
Foreign animal and plant species: obliga- tory approval
Protection of mires
Definition and demarcation of mire landscapes
Protection of mire landscapes
Art. 2369
The establishment of animals and plants of species, subspecies and breeds not native to the country or site shall be subject to approval by the Federal Council. The foregoing does not apply to enclosures, gardens and parks, or to agricultural and forestry enterprises.
Section 3a70 Mires and Mire Landscapes of Outstanding Beauty and National Importance
Art. 23a Articles 18a, 18c and 18d apply to the protection of mires of outstand- ing beauty and national importance.
Art. 23b 1 A mire landscape is a near-natural landscape characterised by the presence of mires. The non-mire part thereof bears a close ecological, visual, cultural or historical relationship to the mires. 2 A mire landscape is deemed to be of outstanding beauty and national importance if it:
a. is unique, or b. is among the most valuable of a group of comparable mire
landscapes. 3 The Federal Council shall designate and define the position of mire landscapes of outstanding beauty and national importance deserving of protection, taking account of existing settlements and land use. In doing so, it shall cooperate closely with the cantons, who in turn shall consult the landowners concerned. 4 The Confederation shall finance the work of designating mire land- scapes of outstanding beauty and national importance.
Art. 23c 1 The overall protection objective shall be to preserve the natural and cultural features of the mire landscapes that account for their outstand- ing beauty and national importance. The Federal Council shall specify
68 Amended by Section 6 of the Annex to the Armed Forces Act of 3 Feb. 1995, in force since 1 Jan. 1996 (AS 1995 4093; BBl 1993 IV 1).
69 Amended by Art. 27 Section 2 of the Hunting Act of 20 June 1986, in force since 1 April 1988 (AS 1988 506; BBl 1983 II 1197).
70 Inserted by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
15
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Remodelling and use of mire landscapes
protection objectives appropriate to the particular features of the mire landscapes. 2 The cantons are responsible for formulating specific protection objectives and for their implementation. They shall take the appropri- ate protection and upkeep measures in good time. Articles 18a para- graph 3 and 18c apply by analogy. 3 The Confederation shall provide the cantons with global compensato- ry payments within the scope of the authorised credits and on the basis of programme agreements for the protection and upkeep measures.71 4 By way of exception, it may provide compensatory payments by means of a ruling for projects that require an individual assessment by the Confederation.72 5 The amount of the subsidies is determined by the effectiveness of the measures.73 6 Compensatory payments shall be provided only if the measures are cost-effective and are carried out professionally.74
Art. 23d 1 The remodelling and use of mire landscapes shall be permitted pro- vided that this does not conflict with the preservation of the features typical of these landscapes. 2 Subject to paragraph 1, the following are permitted in particular:
a. agricultural and forestry use; b. maintenance and renewal of lawfully erected buildings and in-
stallations; c. measures designed to protect people against natural disasters; d. infrastructure required for the application of letters a–c above.
71 Amended by No II 7 of the FA of 6 Oct. 2006 on the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFA), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 5779; BBl 2005 6029).
72 Inserted by No II 7 of the FA of 6 Oct. 2006 on the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFA), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 5779; BBl 2005 6029).
73 Inserted by No II 7 of the FA of 6 Oct. 2006 on the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFA), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 5779; BBl 2005 6029).
74 Inserted by No II 7 of the FA of 6 Oct. 2006 on the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFA), in force since 1 Jan. 2008 (AS 2007 5779; BBl 2005 6029).
16
Federal Act 451
Definition and categories
National parks
Regional nature parks
Section 3b75 Parks of National Importance
Art. 23e 1 Parks of national importance are areas with high natural and land- scape values. 2 They are divided into the following categories:
a. national parks; b. regional nature parks; c. nature discovery parks.
Art. 23f 1 A national park is a large area that provides unspoiled habitats to the indigenous flora and fauna, and which allows the landscape to evolve naturally. 2 Within this framework, it also serves the purpose of:
a. offering areas for recreation; b. promoting environmental education; c. permitting scientific research, in particular into the indigenous
flora and fauna and into the natural evolution of the landscape. 3 It comprises:
a. a core zone where nature is allowed to develop freely and to which the general public has only limited access;
b. a buffer zone where the cultural landscape is managed in a near-natural manner and is protected against detrimental inter- ventions.
Art. 23g 1 A regional nature park is a large, partly populated area, characterised by the richness of its natural and cultural landscape, whose buildings and installations blend harmoniously with the landscape and sites of local character. 2 Within a regional natural park:
a. the quality of nature and the landscape shall be maintained and enhanced;
b. sustainable business activities shall be encouraged and the marketing of the resultant goods and services promoted.
75 Inserted by No I of the FA of 6 Oct. 2006, in force since 1 Dec. 2007 (AS 2007 5237 5240; BBl 2005 2151).
17
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Nature discovery parks
Support for regional initiatives
Park label and product label
Financial assistance
Art. 23h 1 A nature discovery park is an area close to a densely populated area that offers unspoiled habitats to the indigenous flora and fauna and allows the general public to experience nature. 2 Within this framework, it shall also serve to promote environmental education. 3 It comprises:
a. a core zone where nature is allowed to develop freely and to which the general public has only limited access;
b. a transition zone where nature can be experienced and which acts as a buffer against harmful intrusions into the core zone.
Art. 23i 1 The cantons shall support regional efforts to establish and operate parks of national importance. 2 They shall ensure that the residents in the communes concerned can play their part in a suitable manner.
Art. 23j 1 The Confederation shall award a park label to the park authority on the recommendation of the cantons provided:
a. the long term existence of the park is guaranteed through ap- propriate measures;
b. the requirements of Articles 23f, 23g or 23h and of Articles 23e, 23i paragraph 2 and 23l letters a and b are fulfilled.
2 The authority for a park with the park label shall on application award a product label to the persons and businesses that manufacture products or provide services in the park in a sustainable manner in order to designate these products or services. 3 The park label and product label are awarded for a limited period.
Art. 23k 1 The Confederation shall provide the cantons with global financial assistance within the limits of the authorised credits and on the basis of programme agreements for the establishment, operation and quality assurance of parks of national importance provided:
a. the parks fulfil the requirements of Article 23j paragraph 1 let- ters a and b;
b. reasonable self-financing measures and other funding methods are insufficient;
18
Federal Act 451
Federal Council regulations
Existing National Park in Canton Graubünden
Due diligence requirement
c. the measures are cost-effective and are implemented profes- sionally.
2 The amount of financial assistance is determined by the effectiveness of the measures.
Art. 23l The Federal Council shall issue regulations on:
a. the requirements for the award of the park label and the prod- uct label to parks of national importance, and in particular on the size of the park, the permitted uses, the protection measures and the guarantee of the long-term existence of the park;
b. the award and exploitation of the park label and the product label;
c. the conclusion of programme agreements and the verification of the effectiveness of the global financial assistance from the Confederation;
d. support for scientific research on parks of national importance.
Art. 23m 1 The existing National Park in Canton Graubünden is governed by the National Park Act of 19 December 198076. 2 The Confederation may award the «Swiss National Park Foundation» a park label before any expansion through the addition of a buffer zone in accordance with Article 23f paragraph 3 letter b. 3 Any expansion by means of a buffer zone shall be promoted in accordance with Article 23k.
Section 3c77 Genetic Resources
Art. 23n78 1 Any person who in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol utilises genetic resources or benefits directly from their utilisation (users) must apply due diligence appropriate to the circumstances to ensure that:
a. the resources have been accessed lawfully; and
SR 454 77 Inserted by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in force
since 12 Oct. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009). 78 See also: Art. 25d.
76
19
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Notification requirement
b. mutually agreed terms for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits have been established.
2 Genetic resources are not subject to the due diligence requirement if they:
a. originate from a country that is not a Party to the Nagoya Pro- tocol;
b. originate from a country that has no domestic access and bene- fit-sharing regulatory requirements;
c. originate from an area beyond national jurisdiction of any Par- ty to the Nagoya Protocol;
d. are covered for a specific use by a specialised international in- strument under Article 4 of the Nagoya Protocol;
e. are human genetic resources; f. as commodities or goods in trade are not utilised as genetic re-
sources in terms of the Nagoya Protocol. 3 The utilisation of genetic resources in terms of paragraph 1 means to conduct research and development on the genetic or biochemical composition of genetic resources, including through the application of biotechnology. 4 Access under paragraph 1 letter a is lawful, if, by virtue of the Nago- ya Protocol, it is in accordance with the domestic access and benefit- sharing regulatory requirements of the Party to the Nagoya Protocol that provides the resource. 5 If the requirements of paragraph 1 letters a and b are not met, users must ensure that they are met subsequently, or must refrain from utilising the genetic resources concerned or from benefiting directly from their utilisation. In emergencies, the Federal Council may pro- vide for a delay in meeting the requirements for genetic resources that are pathogenic or harmful organisms. 6 The Federal Council shall regulate what information on utilised genetic resources must be recorded and passed on to subsequent users.
Art. 23o79 1 Notification of compliance with the due diligence requirement must be given to the FOEN before market authorisation has been obtained or, if such authorisation is not required, before the commercialisation of products developed on the basis of utilised genetic resources. 2 Information relating to compliance with the due diligence require- ment may be passed on to the international clearing-house described in Article 14 of the Nagoya Protocol and to the competent national au-
See also: Art. 25d.79
20
Federal Act 451
Traditional knowledge
Genetic re- sources in Switzerland
Misdemeanours
thorities of Parties to the Nagoya Protocol. The name of the notifying person, the product to be commercialised, the utilised genetic resource, the date on which it was accessed, and its source are made publicly available. 3 The Federal Council shall designate the authorities responsible for verifying compliance with the notification requirement. It may provide for exemptions to the notification requirement if the verification of compliance with the due diligence requirement is ensured by other means.
Art. 23p Articles 23n and 23o also apply to traditional knowledge of indigenous and local communities associated with genetic resources unless such traditional knowledge is already freely available to the public.
Art. 23q 1 The Federal Council may make access to genetic resources in Swit- zerland subject to notification or authorisation and to an agreement that regulates the utilisation of genetic resources and the sharing of benefits arising out of their utilisation. 2 The Confederation may support the conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources.
Section 4 Criminal Law Provisions
Art. 2480 1 Any person who wilfully and without authorisation:81
a.82 destroys or seriously damages a natural or cultural monument protected under this Act, a protected historical site, a protected natural landscape or a protected biotope;
b. clears, covers up or otherwise destroys riparian vegetation as specified in Article 21;
c.83 destroys or seriously damages buried natural objects or antiq- uities of substantial scientific value84 (Art. 724 para. 1 Civil Code85);
80 Amended by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987, in force since 1 Feb. 1988 (AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445).
81 Amended by Art. 333 of the Criminal Code (SR 311.0) in the version of the FA of 13 Dec. 2002, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (AS 2006 3459; BBl 1999 1979).
82 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
21
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Contraventions
d.86 ... shall be liable to a term of imprisonment not exceeding one year or to a monetary penalty. 2 In cases of negligence, the penalty shall be a fine not exceeding 40,000 Swiss francs.87
Art. 24a88
Any person who: a. fails to comply with a condition or requirement that makes
specific reference to this provision that is related to the provi- sion of a federal subsidy;
b.89 contravenes an implementation regulation issued under Arti- cles 16, 18, 18a, 18b, 18c, 19, 20, 23c, 23d or 25a, where in- fringements have been declared to be offences;
c. performs an action without authorisation where approval is re- quired as specified in Articles 19, 22 paragraph 1, or 23
shall be liable to a fine not exceeding 20,000 Swiss francs. 2 Any person who wilfully fails to provide information or provides false information under Article 23o shall be liable to a fine not exceed- ing 100,000 Swiss francs; in cases of negligence, the penalty shall be a fine not exceeding 40,000 Swiss francs. The court may order the publication of the judgment.90
83 Inserted by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121). Amended by Art. 32 No 4 of the Cultural Property Transfer Act of 20 June 2003, in force since 1 June 2005 (AS 2005 1869; BBl 2002 535).
84 Revised by the Drafting Committee of the Federal Assembly (Art. 58 para. 1 ParlA; SR 171.10).
85 SR 210 86 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 June 1996 (AS 1997 1152; BBl 1995 IV 629). Repealed
by Annex 1 no 1 of the FA of 16 March 2012 on the Trade in Protected Animal and Plant Species, with effect from 1 Oct. 2013 (AS 2013 3095; BBl 2011 6985).
87 Amended by Art. 333 of the Criminal Code (SR 311.0) in the version of the FA of 13 Dec. 2002, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (AS 2006 3459; BBl 1999 1979).
88 Inserted by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987, in force since 1 Feb. 1988 (AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445).
89 Amended by No I of the FA of 21 June 1996, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1152; BBl 1995 IV 629).
90 Inserted by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in force since 12 Oct. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
22
Federal Act 451
Application to legal entities and commercial companies
Forfeiture
Prosecution
Restitution
Art. 24b91
Articles 6 and 7 of the Federal Act of 22 March 197492 on Administra- tive Criminal Law apply.
Art. 24c93
Article 69 of the Criminal Code94 relating to the forfeiture of unlaw- fully acquired items and pecuniary benefits applies.
Art. 24d95 1 The cantons are responsible for prosecution. 2 ...96
Art. 24e97
Any person who damages a natural or cultural monument protected under this Act, a protected historical site, a protected natural land- scape, a protected biotope or protected riparian vegetation may, irre- spective of any criminal proceedings, be required:
a. to reverse the illegal measures; b. to pay the costs of remedying the damage; c. to take appropriate compensatory measures if the damage is
irreparable.
91 Inserted by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987, in force since 1 Feb. 1988 (AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445).
92 SR 313.0 93 Inserted by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987 (AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445). Amended
by Art. 334 of the Criminal Code (SR 311.0) in the version of the FA of 13 Dec. 2002, in force since 1 Jan. 2007 (AS 2006 3459; BBl 1999 1979)
94 SR 311.0 95 Inserted by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987, in force since 1 Feb. 1988
(AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445). 96 Inserted by No I of the FA of 21 June 1996 (AS 1997 1152; BBl 1995 IV 629). Repealed
by Annex 1 no 1 of the FA of 16 March 2012 on the Trade in Protected Animal and Plant Species, with effect from 1 Oct. 2013 (AS 2013 3095; BBl 2011 6985).
97 Inserted by No I of the FA of 19 June 1987 (AS 1988 254; BBl 1985 II 1445). Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
23
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Implementing powers of the cantons
Supervision and coordination by the Confedera- tion
Implementing powers of the Confederation
Section 5 Implementation, Organisation and Information98
Art. 24f99
The cantons shall implement this Act unless implementation is as- signed to the Confederation. They shall issue the required regulations.
Art. 24g100 1 The Confederation supervises the implementation of this Act. 2 It coordinates the implementing measures carried out by the cantons and the relevant federal authorities.
Art. 24h101 1 The federal authority that implements another federal act or interna- tional treaty is also responsible when fulfilling that task for implement- ing this Act. It shall consult the cantons concerned before making its decision. The FOEN, the Federal Office of Culture, the Federal Roads Office and the other federal offices concerned shall cooperate in im- plementing this Act in accordance with Articles 62a and 62b of the Government and Administration Organisation Act of 21 March 1997102. 2 If the procedure under paragraph 1 is unsuitable for certain tasks, the Federal Council shall regulate implementation by the federal authori- ties concerned. 3 The Confederation shall enforce the regulations on genetic resources (Art. 23n−23q); it may delegate specific tasks to the cantons. 4 The federal implementing authorities shall take account of cantonal nature and cultural heritage protection measures.
98 Amended by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in force since 1 Sept. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
99 Inserted by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in force since 1 Sept. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
100 Inserted by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in force since 1 Sept. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
101 Inserted by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in force since 1 Sept. 2014, para. 3 in force since 12 Oct. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
102 SR 172.010
24
Federal Act 451
Art. 25103
Organisation104 1 The Federal Council shall appoint one or more advisory commissions for nature protection, cultural heritage protection and monument preservation. 2 The cantons shall designate expert bodies for nature protection, cultural heritage protection and monument preservation.
Art. 25a105 Information and 1 The Confederation and the cantons are responsible for informing and advice advising the authorities and the public on the importance and the
condition of nature and the landscape. 2 They shall recommend appropriate measures for protection and upkeep.
Section 6 Final Provisions106
Art. 25b107 Restoration of 1 The cantons shall designate the installations, buildings and areas ofmires and mire landscapes soil degradation originating after 1 June 1983 within mires and mire
landscapes of outstanding beauty and national importance that conflict with the protection objectives and were not duly approved on the basis of land use zones in accordance with the Spatial Planning Act of 22 June 1979.108 2 Within the mire landscape at Rothenthurm, the cantons of Schwyz and Zug shall designate installations, buildings and areas of soil deg- radation originating after 1 June 1983 that are covered by the transi- tional provision to Article 24sexies paragraph 5 of the Federal Constitu- tion.109 3 Restoration to the original condition shall ordered by the cantonal or federal authority that would be responsible for decisions on the author- isation or implementation of such projects. In restoring the original
103 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
104 Inserted by No 1 of the Annex to the Federal Act of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155 1174; BBl 1993 II 1445).
105 Inserted by No 1 of the Annex to the Federal Act of 21 Dec. 1995, in force since 1 July 1997 (AS 1997 1155 1174; BBl 1993 II 1445).
106 Amended by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
107 Originally Art. 25a. Inserted by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
108 SR 700 109 [AS 1988 352]. Art. 78 para. 5 of the Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 (SR 101) now
corresponds to the provision mentioned.
25
451 Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage
Transition provision to the amendment of 21 March 2014
Commence- ment112
condition, due consideration shall be given to the principle of propor- tionality.
Art. 25c110
Art. 25d111
Articles 23n and 23o apply to cases relating to access to genetic resources that occurs after the said provisions come into force.
Art. 26 The Federal Council shall determine the date on which this Act comes into force. It shall issue the necessary implementing regulations.
Commencement date: 1 January 1967113
110 Inserted by Annex No I of the Gene Technology Act of 21 March 2003 (AS 2003 4803; BBl 2000 2391). Repealed by Annex No 43 of the Administrative Court Act of 17 June 2005, with effect from 1 Jan. 2007 (AS 2006 2197 1069; BBl 2001 4202).
111 Inserted by the Annex to the Federal Decree of 21 March 2014 (Nagoya Protocol), in force since 12 Oct. 2014 (AS 2014 2629; BBl 2013 3009).
112 Inserted by No I of the FA of 24 March 1995, in force since 1 Feb. 1996 (AS 1996 214; BBl 1991 III 1121).
113 FCD of 27 Dec. 1966
26